Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Research 2008-5117 16 2 2024 06 25 The role of probiotics on microvascular complications of type-2 diabetes: Nephropathy and retinopathy 65 76 10.34172/jcvtr.32877 EN Robab Sarmadi Hajie Lotfi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8450-748X Mohammad Amin Hejazi Fariba Ghiasi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8992-3033 Rana Keyhanmanesh https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6941-2690 REVIEW 10.34172/jcvtr.32877 2023 06 07 2024 05 04 Diabetes is a multifactorial disorder that involves several molecular mechanisms and is still one of the key global health challenges with increasing prevalence and incidence. Gut microbiome dysbiosis could activate and recognize receptors that trigger the inflammation response and modulation of insulin sensitivity. In addition, the intricate role of gut microbiota dysbiosis in the onset and development of T2D (Type 2 diabetes mellitus) and associated microvascular complications was identified. These complications include diabetic nephropathy (DN) and diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetic neuropathy, cerebrovascular disorders, and coronary heart disease. A recent interesting strategy to improve these complications is probiotics administration. The safety and health effects of probiotics against various diseases have been validated by various in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. In this review, the related mechanisms between the gut microbiome, initiation, and progression of T2D and its common microvascular complications (DN and DR) have been discussed.