Robab Sarmadi
1,2, Hajie Lotfi
3,4 
, Mohammad Amin Hejazi
5, Fariba Ghiasi
6,2* , Rana Keyhanmanesh
6,2* 1 Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
2 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
3 Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
4 Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
5 Food Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tabriz, Iran
6 Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Abstract
Diabetes is a multifactorial disorder that involves several molecular mechanisms and is still one of the key global health challenges with increasing prevalence and incidence. Gut microbiome dysbiosis could activate and recognize receptors that trigger the inflammation response and modulation of insulin sensitivity. In addition, the intricate role of gut microbiota dysbiosis in the onset and development of T2D (Type 2 diabetes mellitus) and associated microvascular complications was identified. These complications include diabetic nephropathy (DN) and diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetic neuropathy, cerebrovascular disorders, and coronary heart disease. A recent interesting strategy to improve these complications is probiotics administration. The safety and health effects of probiotics against various diseases have been validated by various in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. In this review, the related mechanisms between the gut microbiome, initiation, and progression of T2D and its common microvascular complications (DN and DR) have been discussed.